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On 12 October 2012, the Constitutional Court released a comment in response to petitions submitted by Somyot Prueksakasemsuk and Ekachai Hongkangwan about the constitutionality of Article 112 of the Criminal Code, which mandates that "whoever defames, insults or threatens the King, the Queen, the Heir-apparent or the Regent, shall be punished with imprisonment of three to fifteen years. The comment addressed whether or not Article 112 was in contravention to Article 3 (2), Article 29, and Article 45 (1, 2) of the Constitution (The full comment can be read here). In response to concerns about each of these provisions, the Constitutional Court ruled that Article 112 did not stand in contravention and was therefore constitutional. Given an earlier commentary issued in response to a petition by Daranee Charnchoengsilpakul, in which the Court noted that a closed trial is compatible with the exercise of the defendant’s rights and liberties, the sum total of the comment was not entirely surprising.

What was surprising was the use of history to explain and justify the comment. In the response to the petition submitted by Somyot Prueksakasemsuk and Ekachai Hongkangwan, the Constitutional Court highlighted the primacy of Article 2 of the Constitution, which reads, “Thailand adopts a democratic form of government with the King as Head of State.” The Court then notes that Thailand has had a king as head of state

“for a long time, since the Sukhothai era, even though there was a transformation in 1932 to be a democratic regime with the king as head of the state under a constitution.” The Court continues, noting that “Up until the current constitution of the kingdom, the form of regime remains one with the king as head of the state. This demonstrates the great respect, esteem, and admiration held by the people for the institution of the monarchy. The place of the Thai king as the respected and beloved center of the Thai people has been continuous, as shown in age-old royal traditions and legal conventions. The king has administered with virtue and taken action with the intention of the well-being of the people. In particular, King Bhumipol Adulyadej, the current monarch, greatly contributes to the nation and gives royal grace to the Thai people. He visits the people and bestows royally-conceived  projects in different areas in order to alleviate the suffering and solve the problems and troubles of the people. He teaches the people to subsist in line with the principles of the sufficiency economy, by living in line with the middle way, having enough, and being prepared to face changes which may arise.  Ordinary people are aware of the king’s conduct and his generosity. They therefore have deep-seated respect, trust, and loyalty for the king and the institution of the monarchy.  The long-standing patronage of the Thai king has made the Thai people to continually respect, love, and admire the king. This is a unique characteristic of Thailand held by no other country.” [1]

This is a version of the Thai past found in many chronicles, and its resonance frequently found in textbooks and museums. But what is it doing in a piece of legal analysis written by the Constitutional Court?

Several months after the Constitutional Court released its commentary, both Somyot and Prueksakasemsuk and Ekachai Hongkangwan were found guilty of violating Article 112. On 23 January 2013, Somyot Prueksakasemsuk was sentenced to eleven years in prison, for allegedly violating Article 112 by printing two articles, written by someone else, in Voice of Taksin magazine. On 28 March 2013, Ekachai Hongkangwan was sentenced to three years and four months in prison for allegedly violating Article 112 by selling CDs which contained an ABC Australia documentary and copies of WikiLeaks documents.

In the Criminal Court decision in Ekachai’s case, the judges commented that:

“Therefore we can clearly see that the King is in the position of being the Head of State. He is sacrosanct. No one can violate or cite their rights and liberties to oppose him in any way. Both the state and the people have an abiding duty to preserve the pair of the country and the institution of the monarchy. It is not only in the law, it is even in the reverent feelings and thoughts that the Thai people have always had since antiquity for the institution of the monarchy above all else.” [2]

Like the comment of the Constitutional Court, here the Criminal Court is offering a history of both the institution of the monarchy and its place in social and political life in Thailand. In doing so, the Constitutional Court and the Criminal Court reach far beyond the categorization of the protection of the monarchy as necessary as a matter of national security, which has previously been the reason offered for the stiff penalty prescribed in Article 112.

What is most unsettling here is not the length of the sentences meted out to Ekachai Hongkangwan and Somyot Prueksakasemsuk, but the position of history in the comment by the Constitutional Court and the Criminal Court decision. In the cases of Daranee Charnchoengsilpakul and Amphon Tangnoppakul, who were found guilty and sentenced to even lengthier prison terms in 2009 and 2011, of eighteen years (later reduced to fifteen) and twenty years respectively, there are no references to the past. What is the purpose of the Court writing about the monarchy as a timeless and age-old institution? Strictly speaking, it is not needed in order to provide a logic for the sentences. Article 112 of the Criminal Code, which combined with Article 8 of the Constitution, provides the judges with the necessary breadth and power to legally justify these two convictions and sentences [3]. 

Put differently, when history is written by the Constitutional Court and the Criminal Court, what are the effects? To be clear: the Courts are political and historical actors and every conviction or acquittal issued is a political and historical act. But in this Constitutional Court comment and the Criminal Court conviction, the Courts are also historians. They are articulating a picture of the past, and tracing the relationship between the past and the present.

In a 1995 essay in The Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Thongchai Winichakul outlined new histories emergent following the 14 October 1973 movement and the transformations engendered by it. In an essay included in the English translation of Nidhi Eoseewong’s Pen & Sail: Literature and History in Early Bangkok (ปากไก่และใบเรือ : รวมความเรียงว่าด้วยวรรณกรรมและประวัติศาสตร์ต้นรัตนโกสินทร์), Chris Baker  similarly assessed the histories written, and able to be written, following the 6 October 1976 massacre. What characterizes the writing of Thai history after the 19 September 2006 coup and the violence of April-May 2010? Who are its authors? What are its forms? What are the key actors, events, and processes examined and re-examined? What are the futures imagined within it? The answers to these questions are currently unfolding and will continue to do so in the coming months and years. What the interest in history by the Constitutional Court and the Criminal Court indicates is that like both Antonio Gramsci and Jit Phumisak, the judges writing the comments and decisions are well-aware that the struggle to determine the contents of history are a crucial part of securing and maintaining hegemony.

Both Somyot Prueksakasemsuk and Ekachai Hongkangwan are currently behind bars. They are appealing their convictions and have requested bail.

 

Notes:

[1] The original Thai text reads: “ตั้งแต่สมัยสุโขทัยแม้ต่อมามีการเปลี่ยนแปลงระบอบการปกครองใน พ.ศ. ๒๔๗๕ มา เป็นระบอบประชาธิปไตยอันมีพระมหากษัตริย์ทรงเป็นประมุขภายใต้รัฐธรรมนูญ จนถึงรัฐธรรมนูญแห่งราชอาณาจักรไทยฉบับปัจจุบัน  ก็ยังคงไว้ซึ่งรูปแบบการมีพระมหากษัตริย์ทรงเป็นประมุขของประเทศ อันแสดงถึงความเคารพยกย่องและเทิดทูนสถาบันพะมหากษัตรฺย์อย่างสูงสุดของปวงชนชาวไทยที่มีมาอย่างต่อเนื่องดังที่ปรากฏตามโบราณราชประเพณี และนิติประเพณี พระมหากษัตริย์ของไทยทรงเป็นศูนย์รวมแห่งจิตใจอันเป็นที่เคารพรักของประชาชน ด้วยทรงปกครองโดยหลักทศพิธราชธรรม และทรงประกอบพระราชกรณียกิจนานัปการด้วยพระราชประสงค์ที่จะให้เกิดประโยชน์สุขแก่ประชาชน โดยเฉพาะพระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวภูมิพลอดุลยเดช  พระมุของค์ปัจจุบัน ทรงมีคุณูปการต่อประเทศชาติและมีพระมหากรุณาธิคุณต่อพสกนิกรชาวไทยเป็นอย่างยิ่ง ทรงเยี่ยมเยียนประชาชนและพระราชทานโครงการอันเนื่ิองมาจากพระราชดำริในด้านต่างๆ เพื่อบรรเทาความทุกข์ยากและแก้ไขปัญหาความเดือดร้อนของประชาชน ทรงสอนให้ประชาชนดำรงชีวิตตามหลักปรัชญาเศรษฐกิจพอเพียง โดยดำเนินชีวิตในทางสายกลาง มีความพอเพียง และมีความพร้อมที่จะจัดการต่อผลกระทบจากความเปลี่ยนแปลงที่จะเกิดขึ้น ประชาชนโดยทั่วไปได้ทราบถึงพระราชจริยวัตรและนำพระราชหฤทัยของพระองค์ จึงมีความเคารพศรัทธาและจงรักภักดีต่อองค์พระมหากษัตริย์และสถาบันพระมหากษัตริย์อย่างแน่นแฟ้น  และด้วยคุณูปการของพระมหากษัตริย์ไทยตั้งแต่ในอดีตที่ผ่านมาทำให้ประชาชนชาวไทยเคารพรักและเทอดทูนพระมหากษัตริย์มาอย่างต่อเนื่องยาวนาน อันเป็นลักษณะพิเศษเฉพาะของประเทศไทยที่ไม่มีประเทศใดเหมือน” (น. 4-5)

[2] The original Thai text reads: ““จึงย่อมเห็นได้โดยชัดแจ้งว่า องค์พระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวนั้นทรงดำรงอยู่ในฐานะพระประมุขของประเทศ เป็นที่เคารพสักการะ ผู้ใดจะล่วงละเมิดหรือใช้สิทธิเสรีภาพให้เป็นปฏิปักษ์ในทางหนึ่งทางใดมิได้ ทั้งรัฐและประชาชนต่างมีหน้าที่ต้องรักษาไว้ซึ่งสถาบันพระมหากษัตริย์ให้ดำรงอยู่คู่ประเทศตลอดไป ไม่เพียงแต่ในกฎหมายแม้ในความรู้สึกนึกคิดของประชาชนชาวไทยอันมีต่อสถาบันพระมหากษัตริย์ก็ให้ความเคารพสักการะเทิดทูนไว้เหนือเกล้าตลอดมาตั้งแต่โบราณกาล”

[3] Article 8 of the 2007 Constitution reads: “The King shall be enthroned in a position of revered worship and shall not be violated.  No person shall expose the King to any sort of accusation or action.” 

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